Ar kai kurie žmonės yra atsparūs COVID-19? Genetikai medžioja.


Per pandemiją kelis kartus išvengusi COVID-19, stiuardesė Angeliki Kaoukaki susimąstė, ar ji nėra medicininė anomalija. Tačiau ji tikriausiai yra tarp nedidelės žmonių grupės, kuri gali turėti genetinį atsparumą virusui. Mokslininkai dabar stengiasi suprasti, kaip toks atsparumas COVID-19 gali veikti ir ar šis bruožas gali būti panaudotas kuriant naujus vaistus nuo šios ligos.

Kaoukaki jau dirbo kartu su kitais keleivių salono įgulos nariais, kurių testas buvo teigiamas ir nesusirgo. Tada 2021 m. liepos mėn. Kaoukaki partneris užsikrėtė sunkiu COVID-19 atveju su aukšta temperatūra ir nepakeliamu skausmu, kuris truko beveik 10 dienų. Kaoukaki neparodė jokių simptomų, nepaisant to, kad pora dvi savaites izoliavosi savo studijoje Atėnuose, Graikijoje.

Ji ir toliau buvo neigiama atliekant kelis PGR ir greituosius antigenų tyrimus, o testą, kurį atliko praėjus 23 dienoms po patvirtintos partnerio infekcijos, jos kraujyje nebuvo antikūnų.

„Kiekvieną dieną girdėjau [from doctors] kad galbūt jūs sergate COVID, – sako ji, – bet vėl ir vėl man testas buvo neigiamas.

Nepaisant to, kad abu buvo paskiepyti, jos partneris vėl užsikrėtė COVID-19 per Omicron bangą sausio mėn. Kaoukaki buvo izoliuotas su juo penkias dienas ir vėl nepasirodė jokių simptomų, o viruso testas ir toliau buvo neigiamas. Tada ji pradėjo ieškoti paaiškinimo.

An internetinis straipsnis ją atvedė Evangelos Andreakos, Atėnų akademijos Biomedicininių tyrimų fondo imunologas. Jis priklauso tarptautiniam konsorciumui, pavadintam „ COVID žmogaus genetinės pastangos ieškojo genetinių variantų, galinčių atskleisti, kodėl kai kurie žmonės niekada nesusirgo COVID-19.

Nors Andreakosas ir jo kolegos nesitikėjo rasti daug tokių asmenų savo tyrimui, jie buvo priblokšti el. laiškų iš mažiausiai 5000 savanorių visame pasaulyje su istorijomis, panašiomis į Kaoukaki. Naudodami seilių mėginius iš 20 procentų žmonių, kurie atitiko tyrimo kriterijus, Andreakos ir jo komanda nuskaitys baltymus koduojančius genų regionus savo DNR, kad nustatytų bet kokias mutacijas, kurių nėra pacientų, kuriems buvo sunkus ar vidutinio sunkumo, genetinėse sekose. COVID-19 atvejų. Tikimasi, kad kai kurie iš šių žmonių slepia atsparumo COVID-19 paslaptį.

„Tikimės, kad tai bus reta populiacija“, – sako Andreakos. „Tačiau yra precedentų“.

Atsparumas kitoms virusinėms infekcijoms

Ilgą laiką buvo manoma, kad bet kokios infekcijos baigtis priklauso nuo patogeno genetinių savybių.

„Anksčiau buvo tendencija daugiau galvoti apie patogeną, atsižvelgiant į jo sunkumą – tai sunkus patogenas arba lengvas patogenas“, – sako molekulinis virusologas. Johanas Nordgrenas Švedijos Linköpingo universitete. Jis sako, kad santykinai mažiau dėmesio buvo skiriama šeimininkui ir tam, ar jų genai turi įtakos jų gebėjimui kovoti su infekcija.

Tačiau maždaug per pastaruosius du dešimtmečius mokslininkai vykdė vadinamąsias genomo masto asociacijos tyrimai nustatyti tam tikrus genus ar DNR sritis, kurios gali būti susijusios su konkrečiomis ligomis. Jie tai daro lygindami užkrėstų asmenų genetines sekas su sveikais ir ieškodami koreliacijų tarp mutacijų ir atsparumo.

1996 m. šis metodas įgalino molekulinį biologą Stephenas O’Brienas ir jo kolegos atrasti retą genetinę mutaciją kuri apsaugo nuo žmogaus imunodeficito viruso, sukeliančio AIDS.

Dauguma žmonių turi baltymų receptorių, daugiausia esančių tam tikrų imuninių ląstelių paviršiuje, vadinamą chemokino receptoriumi 5 arba CCR5. Šis receptorius leidžia ŽIV prisijungti prie ląstelės ir patekti į ją. Tačiau O’Brieno komanda išsiaiškino, kad kai kurie žmonės turi mutaciją, kuri gamina sugedusį receptorių.

Kad asmuo būtų atsparus, jam reikia dviejų šios vadinamosios delta-32 mutacijos kopijų – po vieną iš kiekvieno iš tėvų. Viena kopija vis tiek gali leisti virusui užkrėsti ląsteles, nors tai sulėtina paciento trajektoriją iki AIDS vystymosi.

„Delta 32 buvo velniškai geras pavyzdys, įtikinęs žmones, kad genetika yra svarbi ir kad įmanoma turėti genetinį atsparumą“, – sako O’Brienas.

Mokslininkai taip pat aptiko kito geno, suteikiančio atsparumą, mutaciją tam tikros noroviruso padermės kurie yra pagrindinė ūminio gastroenterito priežastis visame pasaulyje. Ši mutacija neleidžia norovirusams patekti į žmogaus virškinimo trakto ląsteles.

„Kitaip tariant, jūs arba sukuriate prievadą, kurį naudoja virusas, kad patektų į ląstelę, arba ne“, – sako Lisa Lindesmith, noroviruso tyrinėtojas iš Šiaurės Karolinos universiteto Chapel Hill. „Jei to nepadarysite, nesvarbu, kiek viruso galime jums duoti, jūs neužsikrėsite“.

Nors genetinis atsparumas virusinėms infekcijoms nėra plačiai paplitęs, faktas, kad taip atsitinka, sukėlė susidomėjimą panašiomis COVID paveiktų asmenų mutacijomis.

Genetinis atsparumo COVID-19 pagrindas

COVID Human Genetic Effort savanorius pradėjo samdyti praėjusiais metais, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant sveikatos priežiūros darbuotojams, kurie buvo paveikti viruso, bet neužsikrėtė, ir sveikiems suaugusiems, gyvenantiems namuose su sutuoktiniu ar partneriu, kuris susirgo ir patyrė vidutinio sunkumo ar sunkią ligą. COVID-19 simptomai, tokie kaip Kaoukaki.

Mokslininkai iškėlė hipotezę, kad jei šie asmenys buvo pakartotinai veikiami ir vis tiek išvengė infekcijos, jie greičiausiai turės mutaciją, kuri suteikia atsparumą virusui.

Vienas iš perspektyvių tikslų yra genas, koduojantis žmogaus ACE2 receptorius ir tuos, kurie reguliuoja jo ekspresiją ląstelių paviršiuje. SARS-CoV-2 virusas, sukeliantis COVID-19, turi prisijungti prie ACE2, kad patektų į ląsteles ir užkrėstų jas. Mutacija, kuri pakeičia jo struktūrą ir ekspresiją, gali blokuoti viruso prisijungimą ir užkirsti kelią infekcijai.

Kol kas atrodo, kad ACE2 yra geriausias mūsų pasirinkimas, sako Jean-Laurent Casanova, Rokfelerio universiteto genetikas, dalyvaujantis COVID žmogaus genetinių pastangų dalyje. Genetiniai variantai, leidžiantys ACE2 normaliai funkcionuoti, bet sutrikdyti jo sąveiką su virusu – „tai būtų geri genai kandidatai“, – sako jis.

Tačiau gali būti, kad be ACE2 receptorių yra ir kitų biologinių veiksnių, kurie gali paaiškinti, kodėl kai kuriems žmonėms nepasireiškė SARS-CoV-2 infekcija.

Kai kurie žmonės gali turėti tvirtą imuninę sistemą, kuri gamina antivirusinius baltymus, vadinamus I tipo interferonais, kurie riboja viruso dauginimąsi žmogaus ląstelėse. Jie yra pirmoji organizmo gynybos linija ir atsiranda dar prieš susiformuojant antikūnams prieš virusą.

Kita hipotezė yra ta, kad imuninės ląstelės, vadinamos atminties T ląstelėmis, kurios galėjo susiformuoti anksčiau susidūrusių koronavirusų metu, pavyzdžiui, sukeliančių peršalimą, padeda apriboti tam tikrų pacientų SARS-CoV-2 infekciją.

2020 m., prieš pradedant vakciną, viena studijuoti nustatė, kad daugiau atminties T ląstelių yra sveikatos priežiūros darbuotojams, kurie buvo paveikti viruso, bet kuriems COVID-19 neišsivystė.

Atminties T ląstelės galėjo labai greitai išvalyti virusą keliems žmonėms. Tačiau tai negarantuoja, kad šie žmonės bus apsaugoti nuo būsimų infekcijų. „Tiesą sakant, žinome, kad kai kurie užsikrėtė labiau užkrečiamais viruso variantais ir (arba) didesne viruso doze“, – sakoma pranešime. Mala MainiLondono universiteto koledžo virusų imunologas ir vienas iš tyrimo autorių.

Jei jų tyrimas atskleis genetinį atsparumą, Casanova tikisi, kad informacija galėtų būti panaudota kuriant terapiją nuo COVID-19, panašią į CCR5 inhibitoriai skirtas ŽIV infekcijoms gydyti. Tačiau sprendimai plėtoti šiuos gydymo būdus, sako Casanova, priklausys nuo aptiktų mutavusių genų pobūdžio.

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But she’s possibly among a small group of people who might have genetic resistance to the virus. Scientists are now racing to understand how such resistance to COVID-19 could work—and whether the trait can be harnessed to develop new drugs against the disease.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html1″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”Kaoukaki had already worked alongside other cabin crew members who tested positive without getting sick herself. Then in July 2021 Kaoukaki’s partner contracted a severe case of COVID-19 with high fever and unbearable pain that lasted nearly 10 days. Kaoukaki showed no symptoms, despite the fact that the pair isolated together for two weeks in their studio apartment in Athens, Greece. “},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html2″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”She continued to test negative on multiple PCR and rapid antigen tests, and a test she took 23 days after her partner’s confirmed infection revealed no antibodies in her blood.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html3″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”“Every day I heard [from doctors] that maybe you have COVID,” she says, “but again and again, I tested negative.””},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html4″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”Despite both being vaccinatedher partner got COVID-19 again during the Omicron wave in January. Kaoukaki isolated with him for five days and again showed no symptoms and continued to test negative for the virus. That’s when she began hunting for an explanation.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html5″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”An online article led her to Evangelos Andreakosan immunologist at the Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens. He is part of an international consortium called the COVID Human Genetic Effort that has been looking for genetic variations that might reveal why some people never get COVID-19. “},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html6″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”Although Andreakos and his colleagues didn’t expect to find many such individuals for their study, they were overwhelmed with emails from at least 5,000 volunteers worldwide with stories similar to Kaoukaki’s. Using saliva samples from the 20 percent of people who met their study criteria, Andreakos and his team will be scanning the protein-coding regions of genes in their DNA to spot any mutations that are absent in the genetic sequences from patients who had severe or moderate cases of COVID-19. The hope is that some of these people harbor the secret to COVID-19 resistance.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html7″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”“We expect it to be a rare population,” Andreakos says. “But there are precedents.””},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html8″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”Resistance to other viral infections”},”type”:”h2″},{“id”:”html9″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”For a long time, the outcome of any infection was assumed to depend on the genetic traits of the pathogen.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html10″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”“There used to be a tendency to more think about the pathogen in terms of severity—it’s a severe pathogen or a mild pathogen,” says molecular virologist Johan Nordgren at Sweden’s Linköping University. Relatively less attention was paid to a host and whether their genes affect their ability to fight off an infection, he says.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html11″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”In the last two decades or so, though, scientists have been conducting so-called genome-wide association studies to identify certain genes or regions of DNA that may be linked to specific diseases. They do this by comparing the genetic sequences of infected individuals with those who are healthy and seeking correlations between mutations and resistance. “},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html12″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”In 1996 this method enabled molecular biologist Stephen O’Brien and his colleagues to discover a rare genetic mutation that protects against the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. “},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html13″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”Most people have a protein receptor present primarily on the surface of certain immune cells called the chemokine receptor 5, or CCR5. This receptor allows HIV to bind with and enter the cell. But O’Brien’s team discovered that some people have a mutation that produces a defective receptor. “},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html14″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”To be resistant, an individual needs two copies of this so-called delta-32 mutation—one from each parent. A single copy can still allow the virus to infect cells, although it slows down the patient’s trajectory to developing AIDS.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html15″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”“Delta 32 was a hell of a good example that convinced people that genetics was important and that it was possible to have a genetic resistance,” O’Brien says.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html16″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”Scientists have also tracked down a mutation in a different gene that confers resistance to certain norovirus strains that are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. This mutation prevents noroviruses from entering the cells lining the human digestive tract.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html17″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”“In other words, you either make the port the virus uses to get into the cell, or you do not,” says Lisa Lindesmith, a norovirus researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “If you don’t, it doesn’t matter how much virus we can give you, you do not get infected.””},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html18″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”While genetic resistance to viral infections isn’t widespread, the fact that it happens at all has ignited interest in similar mutations in COVID-exposed individuals.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html19″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”Genetic underpinnings to COVID-19 resistance”},”type”:”h2″},{“id”:”html20″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”The COVID Human Genetic Effort started recruiting volunteers last year, with a focus on healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus but didn’t get infected, and healthy adults living in a household with a spouse or partner who got sick and experienced moderate or severe COVID-19 symptoms, like Kaoukaki. “},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html21″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”The scientists hypothesized that if these individuals were repeatedly exposed and still escaped infection, they were more likely to carry a mutation that confers resistance to the virus.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html22″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”One promising target is the gene that codes for the human ACE2 receptor and those that regulate its expression on cell surfaces. The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 must bind to ACE2 to enter cells and infect them. A mutation that alters its structure and expression might block the virus from binding and prevent infection. “},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html23″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”So far, ACE2 seems to be our best bet, says Jean-Laurent Casanova, a geneticist at Rockefeller University who is part of the COVID Human Genetic Effort. Genetic variations that allow ACE2 to function normally but disrupt its interaction with the virus—”these would be good candidate genes,” he says.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html24″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”It’s possible, though, that there are other biological factors aside from the ACE2 receptor that could explain why some people didn’t develop a SARS-CoV-2 infection.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html25″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”Some people may possess a robust immune system that produces antiviral proteins called type I interferons, which limit the virus from replicating in human cells. They’re the body’s first line of defense and appear even before antibodies form against the virus. “},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html26″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”Another hypothesis is that immune cells called memory T cells that may have formed during previously encountered coronaviruses, like those that cause the common cold, help limit SARS-CoV-2 infection in certain patients.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html27″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”In 2020, prior to the vaccine rollout, one study found greater presence of memory T cells in healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus but who didn’t develop COVID-19.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html28″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”The memory T-cells may have cleared the virus very quickly for a few people. But it’s no guarantee these people will be protected from future infections. “In fact, we know some have gone on to get infected with more infectious variants and/or perhaps with a higher dose of the virus,” says Mala Maini, a viral immunologist at the University College London and one of the study authors.”},”type”:”p”},{“id”:”html29″,”cntnt”:{“mrkup”:”If their study does turn up clues to genetic resistance, Casanova hopes that information could be used to develop therapeutics against COVID-19, similar to the CCR5 inhibitors designed to treat HIV infections. But decisions to develop these therapies, Casanova says, will depend on the nature of the mutated genes discovered.”},”type”:”p”}],”cid”:”drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:c4069afc-4a79-4c87-842a-914cbacf8c40″,”cntrbGrp”:[{“contributors”:[{“displayName”:”Priyanka Runwal”}],”title”:”By”,”rl”:”Writer”}],”mode”:”richtext”,”dscrptn”:”Thousands of people repeatedly exposed to the virus never got sick. 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Image captured at the NIAID Integrated Research Facility (IRF) in Fort Detrick, Maryland.”,”crdt”:”Photograph by NIAID, NIH, Science Source”,”dsc”:”Colorized scanning electron micrograph of an apoptotic cell (green) heavily infected with SARS-COV-2 virus particles (purple), isolated from a patient sample. Image captured at the NIAID Integrated Research Facility (IRF) in Fort Detrick, Maryland.”,”ext”:”jpg”,”ttl”:”Colorized scanning electron micrograph of an apoptotic cell (green) heavily infected with SARS-COV-2 virus particles (purple), isolated from a patient sample. Image captured at the NIAID Integrated Research Facility (IRF) in Fort Detrick, Maryland.”},”imageAlt”:”Colorized scanning electron micrograph of an apoptotic cell (green) heavily infected with SARS-COV-2 virus particles (purple), isolated from a patient sample. Image captured at the NIAID Integrated Research Facility (IRF) in Fort Detrick, Maryland.”,”imageSrc”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e94a106f-8cd0-40d5-a085-27b44e5fc077/SS22643480_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358″,”hideEndBug”:true,”type”:”imageLead”,”hideLine”:true},”mdDt”:”2022-04-07T15:44:14.180Z”,”readTime”:”7 min read”,”schma”:{“athrs”:[{“name”:”Priyanka Runwal”}],”cnnicl”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/are-some-people-resistant-to-covid-19-geneticists-are-on-the-hunt”,”kywrds”:”resistance, omicron, BA.2, covid resistance”,”lg”:”https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/default.NG.logo.dark.jpg”,”pblshr”:”National Geographic”,”abt”:”Coronavirus”,”sclDsc”:”Thousands of people repeatedly exposed to the virus never got sick. Scientists hope their DNA may hold clues to new kinds of treatments.”,”sclImg”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e94a106f-8cd0-40d5-a085-27b44e5fc077/SS22643480_16x9.jpg?w=1200″,”sclTtl”:”Are some people resistant to COVID-19? Geneticists are on the hunt.”},”sctn”:”Science”,”sctnLbls”:[{“name”:”Science”,”type”:”sources”,”uri”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science”},{“name”:”Coronavirus Coverage”,”type”:”series”,”uri”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/topic/coronavirus-coverage”}],”shrURLs”:{“fbIcon”:”facebook”,”fb”:”https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fare-some-people-resistant-to-covid-19-geneticists-are-on-the-hunt”,”fbAriaLabel”:”article.facebookShare.ariaLabel”,”fbLabel”:”article.facebookShare.label”,”fbButtonTracking”:{“event_name”:”share”,”share_content_type”:”article”,”content_title”:”are some people resistant to covid-19? geneticists are on the hunt.”,”share_method”:”facebook”},”emailIcon”:”email__filled”,”email”:”mailto:?subject=Are%20some%20people%20resistant%20to%20COVID-19%3F%20Geneticists%20are%20on%20the%20hunt.&body=Thousands%20of%20people%20repeatedly%20exposed%20to%20the%20virus%20never%20got%20sick.%20Scientists%20hope%20their%20DNA%20may%20hold%20clues%20to%20new%20kinds%20of%20treatments.%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fare-some-people-resistant-to-covid-19-geneticists-are-on-the-hunt”,”emailLabel”:”Email”,”emailButtonTracking”:{“event_name”:”share”,”share_content_type”:”article”,”content_title”:”are some people resistant to covid-19? geneticists are on the hunt.”,”share_method”:”email”},”twitter”:”https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fare-some-people-resistant-to-covid-19-geneticists-are-on-the-hunt&text=Are%20some%20people%20resistant%20to%20COVID-19%3F%20Geneticists%20are%20on%20the%20hunt.&via=NatGeo”,”twitterLabel”:”Tweet”,”twitterButtonTracking”:{“event_name”:”share”,”share_content_type”:”article”,”content_title”:”are some people resistant to covid-19? geneticists are on the hunt.”,”share_method”:”twitter”}},”title”:”Are some people resistant to COVID-19? Geneticists are on the hunt.”,”wrdcnt”:1375,”amplnk”:”https://api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/science/article/are-some-people-resistant-to-covid-19-geneticists-are-on-the-hunt”,”pbDt”:”2022-04-07T15:45:12.460Z”,”dt”:”2022-04-07T15:45:12.460Z”}]}],”cmsType”:”ArticleBodyFrame”},{“id”:”email-sticky-footer-frame1″},{“id”:”paywall-meter-frame1″},{“id”:”paywall-frame1″},{“id”:”natgeo-web-template-readthisnext-frame”,”mods”:[{“id”:”natgeo-web-template-readthisnext-module”,”cmsType”:”RecirculationGridModule”,”itemTruncate”:{“description”:4,”title”:4},”contentList”:[{“description”:”One of Judaism’s most widely celebrated holidays, Passover commemorates the Israelites’ liberation from enslavement in ancient Egypt.”,”img”:{“crps”:[{“nm”:”raw”,”aspRto”:0.736328125,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f273cf8-a8f7-44d3-8888-4d41043845ba/BAL_397451.jpg”},{“nm”:”16×9″,”aspRto”:1.7777777777777777,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f273cf8-a8f7-44d3-8888-4d41043845ba/BAL_397451_16x9.jpg”},{“nm”:”3×2″,”aspRto”:1.5,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f273cf8-a8f7-44d3-8888-4d41043845ba/BAL_397451_3x2.jpg”},{“nm”:”square”,”aspRto”:1,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f273cf8-a8f7-44d3-8888-4d41043845ba/BAL_397451_square.jpg”},{“nm”:”2×3″,”aspRto”:0.6666666666666666,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f273cf8-a8f7-44d3-8888-4d41043845ba/BAL_397451_2x3.jpg”},{“nm”:”3×4″,”aspRto”:0.75,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f273cf8-a8f7-44d3-8888-4d41043845ba/BAL_397451_3x4.jpg”},{“nm”:”4×3″,”aspRto”:1.3333333333333333,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f273cf8-a8f7-44d3-8888-4d41043845ba/BAL_397451_4x3.jpg”},{“nm”:”2×1″,”aspRto”:2,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f273cf8-a8f7-44d3-8888-4d41043845ba/BAL_397451_2x1.jpg”}],”rt”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f273cf8-a8f7-44d3-8888-4d41043845ba/BAL_397451″,”src”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f273cf8-a8f7-44d3-8888-4d41043845ba/BAL_397451.jpg”,”crdt”:”Photograph by Zev Radovan, Bridgeman Images”,”dsc”:”Reproduction of the Passover Meal, from the Sarajevo Haggadah (color litho) by Spanish School, (14th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: original manuscript from c.1350 one of the oldest Sephardic Haggadahs in the world; used at the Passover seder; held in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina;)”,”ext”:”jpg”,”ratio”:”3×2″},”isFeatured”:true,”sections”:[{“name”:”History & Culture”,”id”:”b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70″,”type”:”sources”,”uri”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history”}],”headline”:”Passover honors resilience amid adversity”,”link”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/history-passover-honors-resilience-amid-adversity”},{“description”:”Trees worldwide are being hit with a cascade of pressures. See how threats from drought and pests to rising sea levels are taking their toll on trees.”,”img”:{“crps”:[{“nm”:”raw”,”aspRto”:1.5003663003663004,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/39a1b8ee-bc72-4400-aea1-713d37b73aa6/endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail.jpg”},{“nm”:”16×9″,”aspRto”:1.7777777777777777,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/39a1b8ee-bc72-4400-aea1-713d37b73aa6/endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail_16x9.jpg”},{“nm”:”3×2″,”aspRto”:1.5,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/39a1b8ee-bc72-4400-aea1-713d37b73aa6/endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail_3x2.jpg”},{“nm”:”square”,”aspRto”:1,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/39a1b8ee-bc72-4400-aea1-713d37b73aa6/endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail_square.jpg”},{“nm”:”2×3″,”aspRto”:0.6666666666666666,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/39a1b8ee-bc72-4400-aea1-713d37b73aa6/endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail_2x3.jpg”},{“nm”:”3×4″,”aspRto”:0.75,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/39a1b8ee-bc72-4400-aea1-713d37b73aa6/endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail_3x4.jpg”},{“nm”:”4×3″,”aspRto”:1.3333333333333333,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/39a1b8ee-bc72-4400-aea1-713d37b73aa6/endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail_4x3.jpg”},{“nm”:”2×1″,”aspRto”:2,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/39a1b8ee-bc72-4400-aea1-713d37b73aa6/endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail_2x1.jpg”}],”rt”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/39a1b8ee-bc72-4400-aea1-713d37b73aa6/endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail”,”src”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/39a1b8ee-bc72-4400-aea1-713d37b73aa6/endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail.jpg”,”altText”:”Illustration of four different trees”,”crdt”:”BY MONICA SERRANO AND CHRISTINA SHINTANI”,”dsc”:”As temperatures rise because of climate change, trees are being hit with heat waves and drought, killing them or weakening their resistance to a cascade of pressures, from pests to rising sea levels.”,”ext”:”jpg”,”ttl”:”endangered-forest-graphic-thumbnail”},”sections”:[{“name”:”Magazine”,”type”:”sources”},{“name”:”Feature”,”type”:”genres”}],”headline”:”An illustrated guide to how heat and drought are killing trees”,”link”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/graphics/an-illustrated-guide-to-how-heat-and-drought-are-killing-trees”},{“description”:”In a country defined by deep inequalities and cultural divisions, the Semana Santa celebration plays a key role in forging national identity.”,”img”:{“crps”:[{“nm”:”raw”,”aspRto”:1.501466275659824,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4c1a68c3-85db-4222-972e-3e9df65274da/MM9912_220410_0004.jpg”},{“nm”:”16×9″,”aspRto”:1.7777777777777777,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4c1a68c3-85db-4222-972e-3e9df65274da/MM9912_220410_0004_16x9.jpg”},{“nm”:”3×2″,”aspRto”:1.5,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4c1a68c3-85db-4222-972e-3e9df65274da/MM9912_220410_0004_3x2.jpg”},{“nm”:”square”,”aspRto”:1,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4c1a68c3-85db-4222-972e-3e9df65274da/MM9912_220410_0004_square.jpg”},{“nm”:”2×3″,”aspRto”:0.6666666666666666,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4c1a68c3-85db-4222-972e-3e9df65274da/MM9912_220410_0004_2x3.jpg”},{“nm”:”3×4″,”aspRto”:0.75,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4c1a68c3-85db-4222-972e-3e9df65274da/MM9912_220410_0004_3x4.jpg”},{“nm”:”4×3″,”aspRto”:1.3333333333333333,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4c1a68c3-85db-4222-972e-3e9df65274da/MM9912_220410_0004_4x3.jpg”},{“nm”:”2×1″,”aspRto”:2,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4c1a68c3-85db-4222-972e-3e9df65274da/MM9912_220410_0004_2x1.jpg”}],”rt”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4c1a68c3-85db-4222-972e-3e9df65274da/MM9912_220410_0004″,”src”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4c1a68c3-85db-4222-972e-3e9df65274da/MM9912_220410_0004.jpg”,”crdt”:”Photograph by Saul Martinez, National Geographic”,”ext”:”jpg”},”sections”:[{“name”:”History & Culture”,”id”:”b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70″,”type”:”sources”,”uri”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history”}],”headline”:”How Holy Week unites Guatemala”,”link”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/how-holy-week-unites-guatemala”},{“description”:”Kerala’s Lake Vembanad teems with birds, bucolic villages—and pollution. 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Estimates suggest that there are somewhere between 1000 to 1500 houseboats operating on the lake. “The lake doesn’t have that much capacity to hold these boats…[but] their life is depending upon the boat” said Jakesh Dhnanjayan, a houseboat owner.”,”ext”:”jpg”},”sections”:[{“name”:”Travel”,”id”:”432c4f83-2d55-3974-b95f-a221c87c0fd1″,”type”:”sources”,”uri”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel”},{“name”:”Planet Possible”,”id”:”938b311e-8648-368e-8058-12100da9e069″,”type”:”series”,”uri”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/planet-possible”}],”headline”:”Can solar power save India’s iconic houseboat capital?”,”link”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/can-solar-power-save-indias-iconic-houseboat-capital”}],”headline”:”Read This Next”}],”cmsType”:”EnhancedFrame”},{“id”:”natgeo-globalpromo-ad-frame1″,”mods”:[{“id”:”natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-ad”,”cmsType”:”StackModule”,”align”:”left”,”edgs”:[{“id”:”natgeo-globalpromo-ad-tile”,”cmsType”:”AdTile”,”pos”:”infinitefeed”}]}],”cmsType”:”EnhancedFrame”},{“id”:”natgeo-globalpromo-frame1″,”fullWidth”:true,”mods”:[{“id”:”natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-headline”,”cmsType”:”StackModule”,”align”:”left”,”edgs”:[{“id”:”natgeo-globalpromo-headline-tile”,”cmsType”:”HeadlineTile”,”heading”:”Go Further”}]},{“id”:”natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals”,”cmsType”:”CarouselModule”,”centerHeading”:true,”edgs”:[{“id”:”natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile”,”cmsType”:”RegularStandardPrismTile”,”cId”:”natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile_577f933a-cfc8-41a4-97e6-e069c6118e55″,”description”:”In October 2020, after months of urgent work, researchers found an Asian giant hornet hive in Washington State. Its story was just beginning.”,”ctas”:[{“url”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/untold-story-first-american-murder-hornet-hive”,”text”:”natgeo.ctaText.read”,”icon”:”article”}],”img”:{“crps”:[{“nm”:”raw”,”aspRto”:0.66650390625,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5724ca78-c1e6-44d6-b9c5-372f04f8d6d5/MM9871_20220128_0106.jpg”},{“nm”:”16×9″,”aspRto”:1.7777777777777777,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5724ca78-c1e6-44d6-b9c5-372f04f8d6d5/MM9871_20220128_0106_16x9.jpg”},{“nm”:”3×2″,”aspRto”:1.5,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5724ca78-c1e6-44d6-b9c5-372f04f8d6d5/MM9871_20220128_0106_3x2.jpg”},{“nm”:”square”,”aspRto”:1,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5724ca78-c1e6-44d6-b9c5-372f04f8d6d5/MM9871_20220128_0106_square.jpg”},{“nm”:”2×3″,”aspRto”:0.6666666666666666,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5724ca78-c1e6-44d6-b9c5-372f04f8d6d5/MM9871_20220128_0106_2x3.jpg”},{“nm”:”3×4″,”aspRto”:0.75,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5724ca78-c1e6-44d6-b9c5-372f04f8d6d5/MM9871_20220128_0106_3x4.jpg”},{“nm”:”4×3″,”aspRto”:1.3333333333333333,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5724ca78-c1e6-44d6-b9c5-372f04f8d6d5/MM9871_20220128_0106_4x3.jpg”},{“nm”:”2×1″,”aspRto”:2,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5724ca78-c1e6-44d6-b9c5-372f04f8d6d5/MM9871_20220128_0106_2x1.jpg”}],”rt”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5724ca78-c1e6-44d6-b9c5-372f04f8d6d5/MM9871_20220128_0106″,”src”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5724ca78-c1e6-44d6-b9c5-372f04f8d6d5/MM9871_20220128_0106.jpg”,”crdt”:”Photograph by Mark Thiessen”,”dsc”:”The Asian Giant Hornet specimen collected from a nest in Washington. The nest was found by catching a hornet and attaching a tiny transmitter. Then tracking the hornet as it flew back to its nest. At roughly 2 inches in length, the Asian Giant Hornet (AGH), ( Vespa mandarinia) is an invasive species from Southeast Asia and is the world’s largest hornet. It has distinctive markings: a large orange or yellow head and black-and-orange stripes across its body. ARS is investigating the AGH, dubbed the “Murder Hornet” because when they enter honey bee colonies to harvest bees for food for their own colonies, they bite the bees’ head off. Asian bees have learned how to kill the AGH by covering it to use their bodies to overheat and kill it. Bees in North America do not know how to do this. AGH is more dangerous to insects than anything else. While the hornet’s sting delivers a potent venom, it poses a health concern for people with bee or wasp allergies, but attacks against humans are rare. A few AGH specimens were discovered last year in the Pacific Northwest. ARS postdoctoral research associate Jacqueline Serrano leads the team efforts to develop attractants for use as bait in AGH traps in Washington State. RFID (radio) devices have been used to track hornets back to their nest. In the Pacific Northwest, honey bees play a significant role in the production of many fruit crops including apples, berries, pears, and cherries. “If AGH were to become established in Washington State, it could pose a serious threat to the beekeeping industry,” Serrano said. “AGH could subsequently impact the state’s billion-dollar agriculture industry.” ARS scientists will use those specimens to conduct genomic sequencing as part of the ARS Ag100Pest initiative. This initiative focuses on deciphering the genomes of 100 insect species that are most destructive to crops and livestock and are projected to have serious bioeconomic impacts on agriculture and the environment. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Systematic Entomology Laboratory (SEL) Research Entomologist Matthew L. Buffington works closely with the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History to identify captured hornet specimens and pass that information to other ARS scientists who are on the hunt for the Vespa mandarinia, the infamous Asian giant hornet (AGH) — a threat to honey bees native to the United States, on February 16, 2021, in Washington, D.C. For more info: Matthew Buffington [email protected] Cell: 916 201 0550″,”ext”:”jpg”},”abstract”:”In October 2020, after months of urgent work, researchers found an Asian giant hornet hive in Washington State. Its story was just beginning.”,”title”:”The untold story of America’s first murder hornet nest”,”tags”:[{“name”:”Animals”,”id”:”fa010584-7bbf-3e92-90f9-586bb27fce94″,”type”:”sources”,”uri”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals”}]},{“id”:”natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile”,”cmsType”:”RegularStandardPrismTile”,”cId”:”natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile_b6b3fc0a-a0f3-4fa1-8000-a922df471e2c”,”description”:”Indiscriminate traps, used to reduce crop and safety threats, also snare federally protected species.”,”ctas”:[{“url”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/us-government-agency-accidentally-killed-almost-3000-animals-in-2021″,”text”:”natgeo.ctaText.read”,”icon”:”article”}],”img”:{“crps”:[{“nm”:”raw”,”aspRto”:1.5003663003663004,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/74ae813b-7eb8-4608-87c7-967dc14c7daa/NationalGeographic_2711299.jpg”},{“nm”:”16×9″,”aspRto”:1.7777777777777777,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/74ae813b-7eb8-4608-87c7-967dc14c7daa/NationalGeographic_2711299_16x9.jpg”},{“nm”:”3×2″,”aspRto”:1.5,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/74ae813b-7eb8-4608-87c7-967dc14c7daa/NationalGeographic_2711299_3x2.jpg”},{“nm”:”square”,”aspRto”:1,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/74ae813b-7eb8-4608-87c7-967dc14c7daa/NationalGeographic_2711299_square.jpg”},{“nm”:”2×3″,”aspRto”:0.6666666666666666,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/74ae813b-7eb8-4608-87c7-967dc14c7daa/NationalGeographic_2711299_2x3.jpg”},{“nm”:”3×4″,”aspRto”:0.75,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/74ae813b-7eb8-4608-87c7-967dc14c7daa/NationalGeographic_2711299_3x4.jpg”},{“nm”:”4×3″,”aspRto”:1.3333333333333333,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/74ae813b-7eb8-4608-87c7-967dc14c7daa/NationalGeographic_2711299_4x3.jpg”},{“nm”:”2×1″,”aspRto”:2,”url”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/74ae813b-7eb8-4608-87c7-967dc14c7daa/NationalGeographic_2711299_2x1.jpg”}],”rt”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/74ae813b-7eb8-4608-87c7-967dc14c7daa/NationalGeographic_2711299″,”src”:”https://i.natgeofe.com/n/74ae813b-7eb8-4608-87c7-967dc14c7daa/NationalGeographic_2711299.jpg”,”crdt”:”Photograph by MELISSA GROO, Nat Geo Image Collection”,”dsc”:”Red fox father, Vulpes vulpes, with his kits at sunset in Lansing, New York, USA.”,”ext”:”jpg”,”ttl”:”NationalGeographic_2711299″},”abstract”:”Indiscriminate traps, used to reduce crop and safety threats, also snare federally protected species.”,”title”:”U.S. government agency accidentally killed almost 3,000 animals in 2021″,”tags”:[{“name”:”Animals”,”id”:”fa010584-7bbf-3e92-90f9-586bb27fce94″,”type”:”sources”,”uri”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals”},{“name”:”Wildlife Watch”,”id”:”8de8cc4e-e0d1-3b72-8c7a-dac037e03cb4″,”type”:”series”,”uri”:”https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/topic/wildlife-watch”}]},{“id”:”natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile”,”cmsType”:”RegularStandardPrismTile”,”cId”:”natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile_ff1382a1-6232-42cc-9e66-413c1ca55830″,”description”:”The seahorse is a very unusual animal. 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The family have been forced cull all minks due to a government decision Wednesday this week. The world’s largest mink fur producer, Denmark, is to mass cull millions of minks after mutated forms of coronavirus spread to humans. Some 207 mink farms in Jutland region are affected as human cases in the region are on the surge and a regional lockdown has been announced to curb the infection. The minks pictured here are Corona negative but must be culled anyhow. The dead minks will be used in incinerators which produce heat or energy. 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